Wireless Doorbell System Using Arduino & RF Module

We are all fairly aware of the typically wired doorbells that require wires and suitable outlets to operate. As this doorbell system requires wires to assemble, an experienced electrician is also required to do that work properly. Another important problem is that if you have an existing house and need to install a wired doorbell, it needs time and drilling hole which is a hard job. On the other hand, a wireless doorbell is easier to install than a wired doorbell. Although the cost of wireless doorbells is high, it is much better in terms of maintenance than wired doorbells.

Since it does not have a wired system, it does not require an experienced person to install it and can be installed anywhere in the house. Some of the more expensive wireless doorbell systems are equipped with a camera, microphone and other extra facilities but wired doorbells do have not any features like this. But if we customize the wired doorbell like this, it can be costly enough and also it requires more time and wirings.

In today’s project, we are gonna implemented and designed a very simple wireless doorbell system using Arduino and RF modules. We are using a 433 MHz RF module for wireless connectivity purposes. Every wireless system needs an encoder and decoder system. But in this case, we are using two microcontrollers (Arduino) as encoder and decoder.

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Table of Contents

Project

Circuit Diagram

Components Required

Arduino (x2)
433 MHz RF Module
10KΩ Resistor
Push-Button
Buzzer
Breadboard
Wires
5V Power Supply

About Parts of Wireless Doorbell System

433 MHz RF Module

RF module is a radio frequency module which consists of two-part. One is the transmitter part which transmits the encoded radio signal and another is the receiver part which receives the encoded signal. Here I use a 433 MHz RF module for our purpose.

Circuit Connection of Wireless Doorbell System

RF Transmitter Circuit

In this part, we will discuss the circuit connection of the RF transmitter. The block diagram for the doorbell transmitter is shown below.

A doorbell switch is connected between the Arduino pin D5 and the power supply voltage. A pull-down resistor of 10KΩ is connected to pin D5 as shown in figure 1. Pin D11 is connected to the data pin of the RF transmitter module. Lastly, connect V_CC to the supply voltage and the ground pin of the transmitter module to the ground.

In here I used a breadboard for connecting the modules, and a push-button is used as a doorbell switch for demo purposes.

RF Receiver Circuit

Similarly, the transmitter part, also need a receiver to set up communication between each other. Here we need to use another Arduino for the RF receiver module.

A +5V voltage is given to the RF receiver module VCC, and the GND pin of the RF module is connected to the ground. The out pin of the RF receiver module is connected to the D12 pin of the Arduino.

The receiver module consists of 4 pins: one pin is grounded, and another pin is for the V_CC power supply.

Lastly, to get the output, we use a buzzer as an alert system. Here, we connect pin D7 of the Arduino to the buzzer positive terminal, and the negative terminal is grounded. In the above diagram, a buzzer is connected to pin D7 of the Arduino, and pin D12 of the Arduino is connected to the RF receiver module output pin.

PCB Design

For removing messy wiring and giving a clean look, I designed a PCB prototype for this project. It is also helpful for troubleshooting that runs great without any errors. To design this PCB board, I used EasyEDA as it is too easy to use. For ordering PCB for this, I prefer PCBWay.

Gerber file for Wireless Doorbell RF Transmitter Gerber.

PCB View

Wireless Doorbell RF Transmitter PCB — RF Transmitter PCB

Wireless Doorbell RF Receiver PCB — RF Receiver PCB

Order PCB From PCBWay

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How PCB Manufacturing Process Done in PCBWay

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Guide for Ordering PCB From PCBWay

Working Principle of Wireless Doorbell System

To know how a wireless doorbell system works, first come to the point of the RF Transmitter working.

RF Transmitter

RF Transmitter consists of a SAW resonator, which is tuned to 433MHz frequency, a switching circuit, and a few passive components.

When the input is HIGH, the switch will act as a short-circuit and the oscillator produces a fixed amplitude carrier wave and a fixed frequency for some period of time ‘t’. When the input is LOW, the switch acts as an open circuit and the output will be zero. This is also known as Amplitude Shift Keying.

RF Receiver

RF receiver consists of an RF tuned circuit, an amplifier circuit, and a phase lock loop circuit.

An RF tuner is generally used to tune the circuit to a particular desired frequency, which needs to meet the transmitted frequency. An amplifier circuit is also used here to amplify the particular frequency from all other distorted signals and to increase the sensitivity of the particular frequency.

Phase Lock Loop Circuit

A phase lock loop circuit is a circuit also called PPL that is used in types of equipment in which we want a highly stable frequency from a low-frequency signal. A PLL is a negative feedback system that consists of a voltage-controlled oscillator and a phase comparator. It is connected in such a way that the oscillator frequency always matches the input signal.

In this PLL circuit, two signals i.e., the reference signal and the signal from the voltage-controlled oscillator, is given as inputs to the phase detector and the output from the phase detector the difference between both the inputs, and this output is the phase difference of both the signals. This output contains frequency components, which are the sum and difference of the signals. So, this output is given as input to the low pass filter, which allows only low frequencies, and doesn’t allow the high-frequency signals to pass through. The output of the low pass filter is fed to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and this input acts as a value to the VOC, which must be changed to decrease the phase difference between both signals. The change in the VCO takes place until the phase difference is minimal, or the output of the phase detector has a constant error output. This results in the loop lock situation.

With all these components, the receiver receives the signal from the antenna which is then tuned by RF tuned circuit and this weak signal is amplified using OP-Amp, and this amplified signal is further used as input to PLL, which makes the decoder lock onto the incoming digital bits which gives an output which is less in noise.

Arduino Code For Transmitter

#include <SPI.h>

RH_ASK driver;

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(9600);
    pinMode(5,INPUT);
    if (!driver.init())
         Serial.println("init failed");
}

void loop()
{
    if(digitalRead(5)==HIGH)
{
    const char *msg = "a";
    driver.send((uint8_t *)msg, strlen(msg));
    driver.waitPacketSent();
    delay(200);
    }
}

#include <SPI.h>

RH_ASK driver;

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(5,INPUT);

if (!driver.init())

Serial.println("init failed");

}

void loop()

{

if(digitalRead(5)==HIGH)

{

const char *msg = "a";

driver.send((uint8_t *)msg, strlen(msg));

driver.waitPacketSent();

delay(200);

}

Arduino Code For Receiver

#include <RH_ASK.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include "pitches.h" //Frequency for music
#include "themes.h" //Add note vale and duration 

RH_ASK driver;

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(9600);
    if (!driver.init())
         Serial.println("Init Failed");
     else
        Serial.println("Done");
}

void Play_Pirates()
{ 
  for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < (sizeof(Pirates_note)/sizeof(int)); thisNote++)
{

    int noteDuration = 1000 / Pirates_duration[thisNote];  //Convert duration to time delay

    tone(8, Pirates_note[thisNote], noteDuration);
    int pauseBetweenNotes = noteDuration * 1.05;
    delay(pauseBetweenNotes);
    noTone(8);
    }
}

void loop()
{
    uint8_t buf[1];
    uint8_t buflen = sizeof(buf);

    if (driver.recv(buf, &buflen))
    {
      Serial.println("'He is a Pirate' ");  
      Play_Pirates();
      Serial.println("Stop");
  }
}

#include <RH_ASK.h>

#include <SPI.h>

#include "pitches.h" //Frequency for music

#include "themes.h" //Add note vale and duration

RH_ASK driver;

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

if (!driver.init())

Serial.println("Init Failed");

else

Serial.println("Done");

}

void Play_Pirates()

{

for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < (sizeof(Pirates_note)/sizeof(int)); thisNote++)

{

int noteDuration = 1000 / Pirates_duration[thisNote]; //Convert duration to time delay

tone(8, Pirates_note[thisNote], noteDuration);

int pauseBetweenNotes = noteDuration * 1.05;

delay(pauseBetweenNotes);

noTone(8);

}